Original articleTic Symptom Profiles in Subjects with Tourette Syndrome from two Genetically Isolated Populations
Section snippets
Subjects
The study sample consisted of 121 individuals who were recruited for a genetic study of TS in the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR) between 1996 and 2001, and 133 individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish (AS) descent who were recruited in the US for a genetic study of TS during the same time period. Table 1 gives the characteristics of the two study samples. All subjects met DSM-IV criteria for TS. Subjects in Costa Rica were recruited from a variety of sources, including health care professionals,
Cluster Analysis: AS Sample
The best-fit model for the AS sample was comprised of two clusters. This model was the most strongly associated with motor and phonic tic severity, global impairment, presence of OCD, ADHD, bilineal family history of tics, verbal IQ, and treatment with multiple medications. It was the second best predictor of age at onset, after the three-cluster model, and history of neuroleptic treatment, after the six-cluster model (Table 2). History of medication treatment in general, performance IQ, total
Discussion
This study provides additional evidence that tics and related symptoms in individuals with TS are comprised of two primary clusters–a complex symptom cluster and a simple tic cluster. These clusters were found to be remarkably similar in two very diverse and genetically isolated populations, and were also comparable to the underlying structure seen in the hierarchical cluster analysis performed previously (Alsobrook and Pauls 2002). Individuals with membership in the complex cluster had
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2016, Psychiatry ResearchCitation Excerpt :Depending on sample size, analytic method used, and definitions of the symptoms / symptom categories under investigation (e.g., broad versus strict), varying numbers of symptom dimensions have been found across studies. In short, with respect to tic symptoms as measured with the widely used Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) (Leckman et al., 1989), between 2 and 5 factors were found (Alsobrook and Pauls, 2002; Mathews et al.,2007; Robertson et al.,2008; De Haan et al., 2015), on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptom Scale (YBOCS) (Goodman et al., 1989), between 3 and 5 factors were found (Baer, 1994; McKay et al.,1995; Leckman et al., 1997; Katerberg et al., 2010), on the Connors Attention Deficit & Hyperactivity Rating Scale (CAARS)(Conners et al., 1999) 2-3 factors (Conners et al., 1999; Hardy et al., 2007), and finally on the Autism spectrum Quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) 5 factors have been identified, although content of the symptom dimensions somewhat changed with re-analysis and abbreviation of the scale (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Hoekstra et al., 2011). The aim of the current study is to explore the phenotypic structure of tics, OC, ADHD, and autism symptoms across symptom scales in a large sample of GTS patients and their family members.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette-Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2016, Brain StimulationCitation Excerpt :The precise etiology of GTS is still not known and different approaches are investigated. Nowadays, GTS is understood as a neurodevelopmental disorder based on a complex inheritance, in which different genes account for vulnerability and phenotypic variability [2]. Following the diathesis–stress model, epigenetic and environmental factors such as perinatal events (e.g. hypoxia) or smoking during pregnancy can lead to increased stress exposition and therefore contribute to the manifestation of tic disorders [3].