Method | Advantages | Limitations |
Non-invasive collection methods | ||
Nappy pad | Convenient. Can be used for dipstick screening. | Very high contamination: >60%.11 Not reliable for culture. |
Urine bag | Convenient. Can be used for dipstick screening. | High contamination ≈50%.7 8 Not reliable for culture. |
Clean catch | Least contamination of non-invasive methods. | Moderate contamination: ≈25%.7 Can be time-consuming. |
Voiding stimulation for clean catch methods | ||
Bladder-lumbar method | Increases success of clean catch. Effective in neonates. | Requires two to three operators. May be difficult in older infants. |
Quick-Wee method | Increases success of clean catch. Simple, single operator. | Moderate contamination: ≈25%.19 |
Invasive collection methods | ||
Catheterisation | Low contamination ≈10%.7 Effective even if little urine in bladder. Reliable to confirm UTI. | Expertise and equipment required. Painful and invasive for the child. |
Suprapubic aspiration | Very low contamination ≈1%.7 Can increase success with ultrasound. Very reliable to confirm UTI. | Expertise and equipment required. Painful and invasive for the child. |
UTI, urinary tract infection.