• Inadequate intake Lack of access to water | • Inappropriate intravenous therapy |
Inadequate breast feeding | Sodium bicarbonate |
Unconscious/mentally impaired | Hypertonic saline |
Adipsia (lack of thirst perception) | |
• Increased renal loss Central diabetes insipidus | • Salt poisoning/overload Accidental |
“Nephrogenic” diabetes insipidus | Salt used as an emetic |
Renal medullary damage | Faulty feed preparation |
• Increased gastrointestinal loss | Non-accidental |
Hypertonic dehydration | Salt as a punishment |
• Increased evaporative loss | Deliberate poisoning |
Lost in the desert/ocean | |
• Essential hypernatraemia | |