• Prenatal factors |
– cytokine release (in utero infection) |
– genetic predisposition (including race, sex, etc) |
– gestation (degree of prematurity) |
• Postnatal factors |
– mechanical ventilation (baro- and volutrauma) |
– air leak syndromes (including pulmonary interstitial emphysema) |
– oxygen toxicity (poor antioxidant capacity) |
– malnutrition (macro- and micronutrient deficiencies) |
– pulmonary oedema (excess fluid, patent ductus arteriosus) |
– infection |