Alterations in gut microbiota exert an influence on organ systems in the body leading to disease
| Organ | Examples of diseases linked with altered microbiota | Microbiota-mediated changes | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brain | Autism spectrum disorder | Abundance of bacterial toxins Disrupted fermentation | 9 , 25 |
| Lung | Asthma Cystic fibrosis | Reduced immunological tolerance Altered gene expression | 11 , 12 , 21 , 23 , 24 |
| Heart | Cardiovascular disease | Production of proinflammatory metabolites | 13 |
| Pancreas | Type 1 and type 2 diabetes | Reduced insulin sensitivity | 8 |
| Liver | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | Altered bile acid metabolism | 10 |
| Adipose tissue | Metabolic syndrome Obesity | Reduced intestinal gluconeogenesis Insulin resistance | 8 , 14 , 15 |
| Gastrointestinal tract | Inflammatory bowel syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome Gut infections | Dysregulated immune response Altered mucosal barrier | 17–20 , 22 |
| Skin | Acne Eczema Allergic diseases | Increased pathogenic strains Dysregulated immune response | 16 |