Table 3

TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND)

CategoryIdentifying features
Behavioural

  • ▸ Sleep disturbances

  • ▸ Aggressive behaviours

  • ▸ Temper tantrums

  • ▸ Depressed mood

Psychiatric

  • ▸ Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

  • ▸ Autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

  • ▸ Depressive disorders

  • ▸ Anxiety disorders

Intellectual

  • ▸ May function within normal range

  • ▸ Severe to profound impairment of global intellectual ability

Academic

  • ▸ Reading skills

  • ▸ Writing and spelling

  • ▸ Mathematical skills

Neuropsychological

  • ▸ Attentional deficits (selective attention, sustained attention and attention switching)

  • ▸ Executive deficits (planning, poor sequencing, perseveration)

  • ▸ Receptive and expressive language deficits

  • ▸ Memory deficits (working memory, episodic memory)

  • ▸ Visuo-spatial deficits

Psychosocial

  • ▸ Psychological impact of disorder

  • ▸ Self-esteem

  • ▸ Family stressors

  • ▸ Resilience factors

  • TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex.